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  • Arizona Desert Walker Joy A. Collura and
    • Sep 7, 2023

Fred J Schoeffler, the USFS Aerial Firefighting Use and Effectiveness (AFUE) Study Was Utilized On T

Fred J Schoeffler, the USFS Aerial Firefighting Use and Effectiveness (AFUE) Study Was Utilized On The Yarnell Hill Fire on June 30, 2013, and recorded Air To Ground (A/G) radio transmissions that exist as audio and written transcripts. These recordings and transcripts (3-ring binder) are being withheld and denied that they even exist. I just came across a few "key" public records basically affirming they "do" in fact exist ... So then, how can the U.S. Forest Service ethically and legally continue to deny these Public Records exist?


2018-10-15 | Arizona Desert Walker Joy A. Collura and contributing other(s)

Views expressed to "the public at large” and "of public concern"


DISCLAIMER: Please fully read the front page of the website (link below) before reading any of the posts ( www.yarnellhillfirerevelations.com )


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Chronological Order: Due to the large volume of Public Records on the informative and important subjects of the YH Fire AFUE and the Agency control over its employees and what they are allowed to talk about among themselves and others requires that this will be an ongoing post and will be updated on an occasional regular basis. In other words, this is one of the posts you definitely need to return to.

 

“THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing [sic] its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated.” (emphasis added)

This was written by Thomas Paine during the dark days of the Revolutionary War in 1776. He was an English-born American political activist, philosopher, political theorist, and revolutionary; one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

Source: goodreads - Thomas Paine, The Crisis (December 23, 1776)

We are neither summer soldiers nor sunshine patriots - we are in this YH Fire and GMHS pursuit for the long haul.

"Being a warrior is not about the act of fighting. It's about being so prepared to face a challenge and believing so strongly in the cause you are fighting for that you refuse to quit." (emphasis added) (Navy SEAL Machowicz (2010) from the book "Warrior Mindset" by Asken, Grossman, and Christensen 2010).

This first USDA USFS document (August 29, 2013) below in Figure 1 just came to my attention from a Wildland Firefighter (WF) from one of the YH Fire "investigators." What follows, more or less in chronological order, is:

(1) a series of articles and legal documents (FOIA Requests and lawsuit ) regarding the USFS Aerial Firefighting Use and Effectiveness (AFUE) Study - in general and on the YH Fire specifically, (2) a series of USFS Direction letters to their employees (August 2013 and February 2016 "Guidance and Resource Information on Requests to the Yarnell Hill Fire"), (3) USFS Agency and Office of General Counsel (OGC), the Government's legal arm emails threads with direction and discussions regarding this USFS employee "direction," (4) articles and legal documents regarding the “Touhy regulations” often mentioned in the above USFS and OGC email threads, which "can present a formidable barrier to obtaining deposition testimony and conducting necessary pretrial discovery" [Touhy v. Regan, 340 U.S. 462 (1951) 340 U.S. 462 (71 S.Ct. 416, 95 L.Ed. 417)] , (5) legal documents and brief discussion regarding what is known as the "Federal Housekeeping Statute" at 5 U.S.C. § 301, which authorizes agencies to adopt regulations regarding “the conduct of [their] employees . . . and the custody, use, and preservation of [agency] records, papers, and property,” (6) brief discussion and legal documents regarding the Federal Appellate Courts, specifically the Ninth Circuit, regarding the issue of judicial review of an agency’s decisions not to comply with a subpoena, with some Courts holding that an Agency’s action should be reviewed according to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and others that it should be judged under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) standards of “arbitrary and capricious” at 5 U.S.C. § 706, (7) an April 2016 email (slightly redacted) from BRHS Superintendent Brian Frisby to USFS Human Dimensions Specialist Joseph Harris regarding the YH Fire Staff Ride and human factors, and (8) a portion of a series of "unofficial investigator" email threads.

I think the USFS and OGC email threads and discussions therein regarding how they treat their own USDA USFS employees when it comes to not allowing them to share the many lessons learned about an epic wildland fire tragedy are disturbing and hypocritical and these should deeply concern you as well. They tell their employees to share the lessons learned from the YH Fire tragedy to prevent further fatal wildland fire fatality occurrences, yet restrict them from discussing, speaking, or talking about it. On September 27, 2013, the day before the Serious Accident Investigation Team (SAIT) - Serious Accident Investigation Report (SAIR) was released they wrote in a USFS email: "We look forward to reviewing the findings to learn whatever we can to prevent future tragedies in the wildland firefighting community." (emphasis added)

Little do they know that this sincere sentiment will change very quickly with "guidance" from the highest levels of the USFS.

Here is a March 2014 Weather Channel special report on the YH Fire featuring Britt Rosso, the Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center (LLC) Center Manager. Apparently he was not given "the memo" to NOT talk about the YH Fire because in this video clip, he is encouraging us to share and talk about it for lessons learned:

"So my name is Britt Rosso, Center Manager with the Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center. Quick fire background. I spent 21 years on a hotshot crew. I spent a few years as a District FMO and then I been working at the Lessons Learned Center for about the last three or so years. I am here today to talk to you about the Yarnell Fire ... we are all struggling with how to process what happened on June 30th, 2013. Know we're all struggling out in the fire community about where the lessons, what are the take-home messages, what can we learn from this incident. What I want to share with you is how important it is to talk about it; not only to talk about it but to let you know that it's okay to talk about it and it's important that you do talk about it. Share what you've learned by reading the reports, by watching the videos and have an open, honest, respectful dialogue. Be willing to listen to other's opinions and have that respectful dialogue with your fellow firefighters by having this dialogue, by facilitating these conversations about Yarnell. This is where the learning's going to happen, is with you and your brothers and sisters out there in the field.

"This is the 20th anniversary of South Canyon and we're still learning from South Canyon 20 years later. Yarnell just happened eight months ago. We'll be learning about the Yarnell Incident for years to come. Time and patience are going to be key for learning from this incident, so I ask you to just take the time and be patient and work through this together."

As you read the many email threads and USFS Guidance Letters on this post below you will understand the hypocrisy here which is totally in contradiction to what Britt Rosso discussed in this video regarding sharing, talking, lessons learned, and more.

Figure 1. WFSTAR Weather Channel Yarnell Hill Fire Refresher Video Source: YouTube, National Interagency Fire Center, Published on Mar 26, 2014

This "share and talk about it - don't share and talk about it" dichotomy that you will discover below is more than a mere contradiction or paradox, this is clearly what has been said by a Wildland Firefighter to me - Orwellian Doublespeak and Doublethink. And what is with the alleged "invasion of personal privacy" Exemption 6 and the asserted "balancing of the public's interest against the individual's privacy interest" by refusing to reveal 'call signs' and 'names'? Were these Wildland Firefighters (WFs) on vacation or personal time while engaged on the YH Fire? No, they were there working in an "official" capacity performing "official" work for one of several Government entities during that time. Therefore, the "public's interest" in the matter should have taken precedent and prevailed.

Figure 2. USDA US Forest Service Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Final Response letter (August 29, 2013) to ADOSH Attorney Christopher O. Anderson from USFS Fire Director Tom Harbour regarding ADOSH FOIA Request for the June 30, 2013, video and audio recordings of the YH Fire Aerial Firefighting Use and Effectiveness (AFUE) Study records (2013-FS-HQ-05083-F). The second record is a USFS Fire and Aviation Management (FAM) Briefing Paper on the AFUE Study data collected while on the June 30, 2013, YH Fire. Source: USDA US Forest Service

The USFS Briefing Paper falsely claims that "no ... ground to air (VHF-FM) radio traffic was recorded." The more common terminology is Air-to-Ground (A/G). At any rate, the USFS Office of General Counsel (OGC) email below from Associate General Counsel (General Law and Research Division) J. Benjamin Young stated otherwise on August 20, 2013 to USFS Fire Director Tom Harbour. (See Figure 5 below)

"Also, I understand from our Albuquerque office that a AFRUE (?) [sic] was flying at the time of the incident as part of a nationwide study on application of retardant and capture audio and video of a portion of the tragedy. I also understand ABC News has FOIA'd that tape. I also understand it is now in the hands of our office. Needless to say, please make sure nothing happens to those tapes. Also, please have some copies carefully made for preservation purposes." (emphasis added) (See Figure 5 below)

Whose "office" is OGC Young specifically referring to here - Albuquerque, NM (SW Regional Office) or the Washington Office?

The Briefing Paper also stated: "All data collected by the AFUE was turned over to the investigation team."

(emphasis added)

And that Briefing Paper assertion is where the equivocation, straw man fallacy, and shell games begin. The AFUE is a USDA USFS program that worked on an AZ State Forestry wildfire, managed by Local Municipalities and State and Federal resources, and it was then investigated by a State and mixed Serious Accident Investigation Team (SAIT) and an ADOSH-contracted Investigation Team (Wildland Fire Associates - WFA). Two separate "investigation" reports ensued, the initial SAIT-SAIR actually claimed it was a "Factual" Report.

Notwithstanding USFS assertions to the contrary, the AFUE audios and transcripts are and always will be the property of the USFS - no matter what they claim.

Within the WFLLC link above is the "Yarnell Hill Press Kit" that contains many interesting assertions and statements and more regarding the YH Fire that will be detailed below.

"“Our mission was to find out what happened and to discern the facts surrounding this tragedy to the best of our ability,” said Jim Karels, investigation team lead and the State Forester for the Florida Forest Service. “We also hope this report facilitates learning within the wildland fire community in order to reduce the likelihood of repeating actions that contributed to the loss of life.” (AZ State Forestry, September 28, 2013, Press release, "State Forester Releases Yarnell Hill Accident Investigation Report") (emphasis added)

Arizona State Forester Scott Hunt stated:“Beyond that, it is critical that the State of Arizona and the broader wildland fire community have the opportunity to thoroughly review the report so that we fully understand the events leading to the loss of the Granite Mountain hotshots.” (emphasis added) And then once the report is released, the USFS employees are NOT allowed to talk about it or discuss it according to the USFS Guidance letters based on OGC direction as you will read below. What is up with that?

It details the Yarnell Hill Investigation and Support Team Biographies. And, of course, the Yarnell Hill "Fact" Sheets that are mostly NOT factual.

The Fire Shelter one was informative and counters many of the assertions made by Prescott FD Wildland Battalion Chief Darrell Willis at the GMHS Deployment/Fatality Site News Conference in July 2013.

" Wildland firefighters have carried fire shelters since they were developed during the 1960s. The fire shelter is credited with saving more than 300 lives and preventing hundreds of burn injuries." (emphasis added)

Yes indeed, a very accurate statement. However, knowing and applying the Basic Wildand Firefighting Rules, including knowing, recognizing, and mitigating the 19 Watch Out Situations are responsible for saving tens of thousands of WF / FF lives every single fire season. Watch Out 19 is "Death From Above" beginning with Overhead, noted in many of the posts on this website and many times in the InvestigativeMEDIA Yarnell Hill Fire Chapters since its inception.

The Fire Shelter section correctly points out the many "Places to avoid for deployment include areas where shelters can be exposed to direct flame contact or convective heat such as narrow ravines (“chimneys”), steep slopes, draws and saddles." However, Willis stated in the above News Conference that (paraphrasing here) the GMHS picked the best possible place in this bowl to deploy their fire shelters and then proceeded to detail how the subtle terrain features would have funneled heat in a certain direction. The bowl these men died in would be in the "narrow ravines (“chimneys”)" category. (Visit the two July 2013 GMHS Deployment/Fatality Site News Conference videos posted elsewhere on this website and on YouTube for details and exact quotes).

The Fire Shelter section continues with this absolutely accurate statement regarding what is referred to as Entrapment Avoidance. "A firefighter’s highest priority is to avoid situations that can lead to entrapment."

The Fire Shelter section continues with this partially accurate statement. "Appropriate training includes, at a minimum, reviewing the training pamphlet, viewing the fire shelter training video, and practicing deployments using a practice fire shelter." (emphasis added) You will readily note that there is NO mention of knowing and applying the Basic Wildland Firefighting Rules, including knowing, recognizing, and mitigating the 19 Watch Out Situations as noted in many of the posts on this website and many times in the InvestigativeMEDIA Yarnell Hill Fire Chapters since its inception.

Then there is the section on Aviation (airtankers and helicopters) in order to try and paint the picture that that is the answer and that would have saved to GMHS lives that day. This is a classic move to attempt to appease the public and it is even featured in the 'Only the Brave' movie that an airtanker drop on the GMHS on June 30, 2013, would have saved their lives. Pure Hollywood and histrionics, NOT factual. A WF that was at the GMHS Fatality Site during the 2016 Family Staff Ride, told me that one of the ASM pilots told the families, friends, loved ones, and Family Support persons present that day that even on a "perfect day" an airtanker drop on the GMHS in that bowl would have been "impossible" due to the terrain features, weather, and aircraft maneuvering, that would have been required to even attempt it.

The bottom line is if one has to rely on either fire shelters or air (aviation) support to save their lives, then they are in trouble way too deep to matter. Once again, knowing and applying the Basic Wildland Firefighting Rules, including knowing, recognizing, and mitigating the 19 Watch Out Situations are responsible for saving tens of thousands of WF / FF lives every single fire season. Watch Out Number 19 is Death From Above and explained in detail on numerous IM YH Fire Chapter posts. It begins with Overhead.

Then there is the Communications section of the News Release and their feckless statements about the number of radios and such. According to the SAIT-SAIR, the bottom line here is Fire Order Number 7 - Maintain prompt communication with your supervisor, crew, and adjoining forces and the cautionary Watch Out Number 7 that warns you when you do not have that communications. The Division Supervisor (DIVS) and the GMHS did NOT properly notify their supervisor(s) NOR Air Attack of their major tactical moves FROM their Safety Zone to somewhere else as far as what is shown publicly. They perverted the definition of Escape Route in the process. As defined in NWCG literature, an Escape Route is FROM danger TO a safe area. They were already IN a Safety Zone. They abandoned that and traveled through unburned chaparral fuels in chimneys and chutes during deteriorating weather conditions and increasing fire behavior.

The Sensemaking section stated: "the aim of any SAI [Serious Accident Investigation] is to understand how people, crews and others on the fire made sense of their situation at the times when they took the critical actions." (emphasis added)

"Sensemaking refers to how people select what seems important to attend to, and how this influences their actions. People cannot possibly cope with all of the raw data and information coming at them at a given moment. Instead, what a person pays attention to is a function of identity, past experience, their understanding of their purpose, and other factors. Sensemaking is a very active process whereby people literally “make sense” of the world around them at each moment." (emphasis added)

I have to call BS on the "People cannot possibly cope with all of the raw data and information coming at them at a given moment" assertion. Really? It seems like all the other WFs and FFs that day did just fine coping with all their raw data and information coming at them. And I somewhat agree with the "Instead, what a person pays attention to is a function of ... past experience ..." portion because a Wildland Firefighter told me that these GMHS decisions and actions had been done on previous fires (i.e. Halstead, Holloway, Doce) with no adverse outcomes; this is often referred to as the Normalization of Deviance.

Then there is this gem: "Sensemaking is social and ongoing. The SAI report works toward introducing issues and questions to readers that may be useful for discussion points among colleagues, as they try to understand an accident and learn from it." And what about "the facts" and the causal factors, the human errors and human factors, the decisions and actions they made that resulted in the fatalities. (emphasis added)

There is a contradiction here. The SAIT's "introducing issues and questions to readers that may be useful for discussion points among colleagues, as they try to understand an accident and learn from it" is later nullified in the series of USFS and OGC email threads below regarding "Guidance" warnings to their USFS employees to NOT discuss the YH Fire.

In the SERIOUS ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION (SAI) section the first bullet is: "The primary goal of an SAI report is to tell the story of what occurred and facilitate learning, in order to reduce the likelihood of future accidents." (emphasis added) Tell the story? How about to tell the truth. (emphasis added)

The second bullet is: "Report formats have varied based on the circumstances of the accident and latest developments in progressive learning and thinking when responding to tragedies." (emphasis added) Since when do "Report formats" change "based on the circumstances of the accident"? Why does that have to change? And the "latest developments in progressive learning and thinking" is pure doubletalk and this has been discussed in detail here on this website and in detail in the InvestigativeMEDIA Chapters on the YH Fire many times regarding the "Learning Reviews" and Coordinated Response Procedure, otherwise referred to as CRaP, the Facilitated Learning Analyses and others. Read Dr. Ted Putnam's 2011 IAWF research paper titled: "Accidents, Accident Guides, Stories, the Truth" posted on InvestigativeMEDIA and here on my blog.

"This process does not identify causes in the traditional sense of pointing out errors, mistakes, and violations but approaches the accident from the perspective that risk is inherent in firefighting." (emphasis added) WFs and FFs make bad decisions, errors, and mistakes and they need to be identified and addressed instead of equivocal euphemisms.

"The SAI process tries to minimize the common human trait of hindsight bias, which is often associated with traditional accident reviews and investigations. The term “hindsight bias” refers to the tendency people have to view past events as more predictable than they really were before the events took place. After an event occurs, people often believe they could have predicted the outcome of the event before it actually happened." (emphasis added)

"Investigation Teams begin with the philosophy that firefighters are expected and empowered to be resourceful and decisive, to exercise initiative and accept responsibility, and to use their training, experience and judgment in their decision-making." (emphasis added)

And yet they did not explain why the GMHS failed to do any of that.

"The wildland fire community uses a doctrine approach to fire suppression, which requires the use of judgment. An individual’s judgment in a given situation depends upon their unique training and experiences." (emphasis added)

It is fair to say that the GMHS and the IMT personnel used poor judgement that day.

"The 10 Standard Firefighting Orders and 18 Watch Out Situations (10 and 18) are the foundation of training in fire suppression operations, but they require judgment in application. These principles, as stated below, outline the Team’s perspective regarding the use and consideration of the 10 and 18 in this report:" (emphasis added)

And yet they did not explain why the GMHS failed to do any of that.

Figure 3. Courthouse News article regarding retired USFS Hot Shot Superintendent Schoeffler's FOIA lawsuit against the USDA Forest Service for failure to release the [AFUE] Air-to-Ground radio transmissions for the June 30, 2013, between 3 PM (1500) and 5 PM (1700). It also includes statements about Schoeffler's FOIA/Privacy Act lawsuit against the USDA FS for failure to release Coconino NF (COF) records he requested related to the COF refusing him sponsorship because Schoeffler was alleged to have "stirr[ed] up drama" about the YH Fire. Source: Courthouse News

Figure 4. Schoeffler v. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) FOIA / PA lawsuit filed in the Arizona District Court for failure to release AFUE records and COF records. Source: Court House News

Figure 5. USDA Office of General Counsel (OGC) General Law and Research Division email from Associate General Counsel L. Benjamin Young to USFS Fire Director Tom Harbour regarding YH Fire AFUE records. Red highlighted area referenced below. Source: Joy A Collura's FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

This August 20, 2013, email is a critically key one because it contains information from the USFS Deputy Fire Director Bob Baird to USFS Fire Director Tom Harbour, and George Vargas of the Office of Regulatory and Management Services (ORMS) and numerous OGC employees that the AFUE audio and video records do IN FACT EXIST. "Benny, George Vargas has custody of the disc with the video/audio files for the WO. He is cced." (emphasis added) Let me further emphasize that in all caps. BENNY, GEORGE VARGAS HAS CUSTODY OF THE DISC WITH THE VIDEO/AUDIO FILES FOR THE WO. HE IS CC'ED. (EMPHASIS ADDED)

This email thread (August 19-20, 2013) verifies that the USFS and the USDA OGC - the highest levels of Government - knew full well about the AFUE records. OGC Counsel Young wrote to USFS Harbour: "Also, I understand from our Albuquerque office that a AFRUE (?) [sic] was flying at the time of the incident as part of a nationwide study on application of retardant and capture audio and video of a portion of the tragedy. I also understand ABC News has FOIA'd that tape. I also understand it is now in the hands of our office. Needless to say, please make sure nothing happens to those tapes. Also, please have some copies carefully made for preservation purposes." (emphasis added) (See Figure 5 above)

They admit full well that these AFUE records exist AND to ensure that "nothing happens to those tapes" AND that they want "copies carefully made for preservation purposes." Yet, in Public Records and FOIA Requests and as well Schoeffler's FOIA Requests, they deny they exist ("no records responsive to your request").

And one more time, emphasized for good measure:

"BENNY, GEORGE VARGAS HAS CUSTODY OF THE DISC WITH

THE VIDEO/AUDIO FOR THE WO. HE IS CC'ED." (EMPHASIS

ADDED)

AND

"I ALSO UNDERSTAND IT IS NOW IN HANDS OF OUR OFFICE.

NEEDLESS TO SAY, PLEASE MAKE SURE NOTHING HAPPENS

TO THOSE TAPES. ALSO, PLEASE HAVE SOME COPIES

CAREFULLY MADE FOR PRESERVATION PURPOSES."

(EMPHASIS ADDED)

They admit full well that these AFUE records exist: "George Vargas has custody of the disc with the video/audio files for the WO ..." and "I also understand it is now in the hands of our office. Needless to say, please make sure nothing happens to those tapes" AND that they want "copies carefully made for preservation purposes." (emphasis added)

If all this is factual - which it appears that it is - then why are we being told that these very records that we have requested are being denied and told they have "no records responsive to your request"?

Figure 6. Email from Joy A. Collura to USDA OGC Counsel L. Benjamin Young regarding his email in Figure 5. Source: Collura and Young Proton Email

Figure 7. Schoeffler v. USDA FOIA lawsuit DOJ AZ US Attorney's Office Defendant's Statement of Facts (July 5, 2017) denying Schoeffler's contentions regarding the YH Fire AFUE audio and transcript records, documented to exist. Source: US AZ District Court

You should have readily noticed the Government's denial of the existence of the requested records and their insistence of not being allowed discovery due to the legal precedent of the presumption of "good faith" that the Courts bestow upon them. This means that the Government will readily admit to possessing records and readily release them upon request. If you have ever filed a Public Records Request of a FOIA or PA Request, you know that is not accurate and is bovine feculence.

Figure 8. USFS and OGC email thread regarding USFS direction to their employees about discussing the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Southwest USDA OGC Counsel Hattenbach wrote to several Southwest USFS FAM and OGC employees ("FS Employee Interviews in Re: Yarnell Fire, ECM #7805646") that it was the "General Law Division's opinion that Arizona OSHA's requests for interviews should be treated as Touhy requests and handled in accordance with the process outlined in 7 C.F.R. 1.214." (emphasis added)

To set the stage for the following two USFS "Guidance and Resource Information Related to the Yarnell Hill Fire" employee direction letters below, consider now the discussion and legal basis for the "Touhy Regulations" and what is referred to as the "Federal Housekeeping Statute" under "5 U.S. Code § 301 - Departmental regulations," and the Federal Administrative Procedure Act "arbitrary and capricious" standard.

Citing my source directly from the Jackson Rosenfield LLP law firm below in an in-depth article titled: "Dealing with Touhy: Compelling Non-Party Deposition Testimony from a Government Agent:" (all emphasis added)

"Litigation arising out of government construction projects often hinges upon obtaining valuable testimony from the nonparty government employees who coordinated, supervised, or determined key aspects of the matters in dispute. Before litigants can obtain testimony from a government agent or the agency itself, however, they must first navigate the minefield known as “Touhy regulations,” which can present a formidable barrier to obtaining deposition testimony and conducting necessary pretrial discovery.

"Touhy Regulations.

"The term “Touhy regulations” derives from the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in United States ex rel. Touhy v. Regan, 340 U.S. 462 (1951). [340 U.S. 462 (71 S.Ct. 416, 95 L.Ed. 417); UNITED STATES ex rel. TOUHY v. RAGEN et al. No. 83; Argued: Nov. 27-28, 1950; Decided: Feb. 26, 1951.] ( https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/340/462 )

"In Touhy, the Supreme Court reversed a contempt order entered by a federal district court against an FBI agent who had defied a deposition subpoena in accordance with a Department of Justice regulation issued under the Federal Housekeeping Statute, 5 U.S.C. § 301, which authorizes agencies to adopt regulations regarding “the conduct of [their] employees . . . and the custody, use, and preservation of [agency] records, papers, and property.” The Court held that the contempt citation was improper because the Department’s regulation, which gave the Attorney General the power to decide whether to comply with a subpoena, was valid, and the agent was simply obeying a lawful instruction from a superior. The Court found it unnecessary “to consider the ultimate reach of the authority of the Attorney General to refuse to produce at a court’s order the government papers in his possession.” Id. at 467.


Although the Court’s holding was really quite narrow, federal agencies urged a far more expansive reading of Touhy: that as long as an agency enacted strict regulations governing the release of information by subordinates, the agency had the authority to defy federal subpoenas. Thus, in the wake of Touhy, many government agencies refused to permit their agents to testify in litigation unless testifying was on non-controversial issues or would advance the agency’s own interests. These agencies contended that they were not subject to the obligations imposed by a federal subpoena or Rule 45 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Indeed, some agencies even contended that federal courts no longer had the power to enforce deposition subpoenas at all against federal agencies.

"Fine-tuning the law regarding Touhy Regulations.

"Within the last few decades, federal courts have reined in this expansive reading of Touhy and clarified that, while Touhy regulations may empower the head of a federal agency to decide whether the agency will comply or resist a subpoena, the legal basis for any opposition to the subpoena must derive from an independent source of law such as a governmental privilege or the rules of evidence or procedure. The Federal appellate courts are split, however, over the issue of judicial review of an agency’s decisions not to comply with a subpoena, with some holding that the agency’s action should be reviewed according to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and others that it should be judged under the Administrative Procedure Act’s (“APA’s”) “arbitrary and capricious” standard, 5 U.S.C. § 706.

A brief review of Ninth Circuit Agency Decisions Under the Administrative Procedure Act - 5 U.S.C. § 706 to follow below.

"The leading case in the former camp is Exxon Shipping Co. v. United States Department of the Interior, 34 F.3d 774 (9th Cir. 1994), in which the Ninth Circuit held that federal agencies have no authority to prohibit their employees from disclosing information in response to a lawful subpoena. The court observed that “district courts should apply the federal rules of discovery when deciding on discovery requests made against government agencies, whether or not the United States is a party to the underlying action.” Id. at 780. In Watts v. SEC, 482 F.3d 501 (D.C. Cir. 2007), the D.C. Circuit followed Exxon’s lead, holding that the Securities and Exchange Commission’s refusal to allow three of its employees to appear for depositions pursuant to subpoenas served by a private litigant was properly reviewable under Rule 45 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The court concluded that “an agency’s Touhy regulations do not relieve district courts of the responsibility to analyze privilege or undue burden assertions under Rule 45.” Id. at 508. Such regulations are only “relevant for internal housekeeping and determining who within the agency must decide how to respond to a federal court subpoena. Id. at 09 (citing 5. U.S.C. § 301 (authorizing Touhy regulations but providing: “This section does not authorize withholding information from the public or limiting the availability of records to the public.”).

"The leading authority for the proposition that an agency’s refusal to comply with a subpoena must be reviewed pursuant to the APA is COMSAT Corp. v. NSF, 190 F.3d 269 (4th Cir. 1999), in which the Fourth Circuit expressly declined to follow the Ninth Circuit’s holding in Exxon that nonparty federal agencies must produce evidence in response to the subpoenas of private litigants, subject only to the court’s discretionary right to limit burdensome discovery under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Observing that the APA is the source of the congressional waiver of sovereign immunity permitting review of a nonparty agency’s refusal to comply with a private litigant’s subpoena, the court reasoned that an agency’s decision may only be reviewed in accordance with the APA’s “deferential standard of review.” Id. at 277. Because waivers of sovereign immunity are strictly construed, a prominent treatise on Federal Civil Procedure regards the Fourth Circuit’s interpretation as being “the more reliable.” 9 Moore’s Federal Practice § 45.05[1][a].

"Practical Considerations.

"Even decisions such as Exxon and Watts still afford special treatment to agencies that object to a particular subpoena on the grounds that it imposes an undue burden or as being obtainable from a more convenient source. In Exxon, for instance, the Ninth Circuit recognized that the federal government has a “serious and legitimate concern that its employee resources not be commandeered into service by private litigants to the detriment of the smooth functioning of government operations.” Exxon, 34 F.3d at 779. The court in Watts likewise recognized the “government’s interest in not being used as a speakers’ bureau for private litigants.” Watts, 482 F.3d at 509. Accordingly, litigants should keep several things in mind when seeking to depose a government employee. First, the deposition subpoena should include a section explaining that the information sought is important to the litigation, that there is not a more convenient source to obtain such information, that the litigation itself is significant, and that the government can provide the information without an undue burden. The subpoena should also provide a detailed explanation of the subject matter and nature of the testimony sought, and it should comply, to the extent possible, with the Touhy regulations set forth by the agency at issue.

"Second, in addition to serving a subpoena on a specific government employee, the litigant should also consider submitting a second subpoena requesting a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition of the agency that, among its topics, covers the knowledge of the targeted individual. Otherwise, if the agency objects to the first subpoena and the employee refuses to testify, the litigant may be left under Touhy without any recourse or forced to file an action under the APA. A 30(b)(6) deposition, on the other hand, can sidestep these issues and potentially provide the litigant with the same information.

"Third, to the extent that 30(b)(6) deposition subpoena is drafted—or to the extent that the deposition subpoena also includes a request for production of documents—it is important to keep the scope of subpoena narrow and also include a cover letter offering to cooperate with the agency in order to modify the subpoena, if necessary, to accommodate legitimate agency concerns.

"Touhy regulations can pose a formidable challenge to litigants seeking to depose a government agent, but—with the aid of favorable caselaw and careful strategy—litigants should be able to traverse the Touhy minefield safely." (all emphasis added)

Source: Jackson Rosenfield LLP

Consider now the "Federal Housekeeping Statute" at 5 U.S. Code § 301 - Departmental regulations. This is discussed in the Touhy Principles article by the Jackson Rosenfield LLP law firm above.

“The head of an Executive department or military department may prescribe regulations for the government of his department, the conduct of its employees, the distribution and performance of its business, and the custody, use, and preservation of its records, papers, and property. This section does not authorize withholding information from the public or limiting the availability of records to the public.” (emphasis added)


( Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 379. ) Source: Cornell Law School - Legal Information Institute (LII) ( https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/301 )

This brief, 61-word law basically means that the Federal Agencies have plenary (read complete, unlimited), authority to do whatever they wish with their employees, their business, and everything to do with their records and property. The no authority to withhold records from the public or limit the availability to them is tossed out the window and ignored.

The first of two USFS "Guidance" letters and several USFS and OGC email threads regarding USFS and OGC "guidance" and direction to USFS employees to follow.

Figure 9. USFS guidance and direction (August 29, 2013) to their employees about discussing the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 9a. USFS guidance and direction to their employees about discussing the YH Fire. Note the red highlighted content. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 9b. USFS guidance and direction to their employees discussing the YH Fire.Note the red highlighted content. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 9c. USFS Southwestern Region guidance and direction (February 22, 2016) - basically a reminder of the 2013 direction letter - to their employees about discussing the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 10. BRHS Brian Frisby email thread with USFS National Human Dimensions Specialist Joseph Harris and USFS COF employee LaVelle Shelton regarding the YH Fire Staff Ride and some details about the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request

BRHS Superintendent Brian Frisby noted that "the [YH Fire Staff Ride] picture being painted is very different than what we remember" and that "there was so much that went on that day that was swept under the rug" and "the human factors that day were off the chart." (emphasis added) Frisby and the BRHS have not been allowed to be interviewed or deposed, even by ADOSH, ostensibly to "protect them" and their privacy. BRHS Superintendent Frisby and the 2013 BRHS are basically screaming out to share what they saw and heard and experienced that day. Refer to the Part One and Two "Who Do We Continue to Distinguish And Read About as the Likely Participants in the Undeniable Sesame to Shrine Corridor Fuel / Fire Break Possible Firing Operation?" (August 18, 2018) posts respectively for their (un)redacted interview and Unit Log records.

Please refer to the IM Chapter XXVI links from an IM Contributor delving deeper into these issues:

Figure 10a. USFS Human Dimensions (Fire Program Specialist - Training ) Joseph Harris referenced in Frisby's email above in Figure 8. Source: USFS Employee Search

Here is the link below for then-student Joseph R. Harris' well-written - albeit somewhat (mis)informed and skewed - research paper for his Swedish Lund University Master of Science in Human Factors and System Safety degree titled: "Do Staff Rides Help Move the Forest Service Toward Its Goal of Becoming a Learning Organization?"

He writes this gem in his conclusion regarding investigation reports "While staff rides are effective, they are expensive and are not scalable ["largely limited to a small number of participants"]. There is also a perceived gap between the traditional written report and the staff ride. The Forest Service can make progress toward its goal of becoming a learning organization by closing this gap through designing learning products that aim to replicate the emotional and intellectual impact of the staff ride to a much wider audience." (emphasis added)

A "perceived gap"? Are you kidding me? How about a gaping chasm? He then proceeds to water down his "closing this gap" response with a feckless euphemism of the SAIT-SAIR as a "learning product" instead of calling a spade a spade and identifying the alleged "Factual" investigations as the sham that they are and their SAIT-SAIRs as the lies that they are. It's no wonder he was chosen to email BRHS Superintendent Brian Frisby about the YH Fire Staff Ride. So much for the impartial, truthful and accurate lessons learned for the Forest Service to truly becoming a "learning organization" ...

Oh wait, maybe they are a "learning organization" in the sense of how to learn how to lie and cover-up and whitewash that which requires honesty and integrity. And outright browbeat and subtly threaten its employees to keep quiet and not talk about or discuss the YH Fire. And not allow its employees to be interviewed ostensibly "protecting the privacy of our USFS employees" by claiming the "Touhy principle."

Figure 10b. USFS COF employee Lavelle Shelton referenced in Frisby's email above in Figure 8. Source: USFS Employee Search

Figure 11. A restricted and attempted InvestigativeMEDIA (IM) post (Oct 18 2017 7:05pm) due to its defamatory, false, libelous, and slanderous content as concluded by the IM webmaster. It did not pass through "WordPress InvestigativeMEDIA approval" due to malicious content. A "Proceed with caution" alert was made on this comment. Currently 1,443 comments were at that date awaiting approval. The exact caution quote is as follows that came to the webmaster on this attempted comment: "PROCEED WITH CAUTION: This message triggered warnings of potentially malicious web content. Evaluate this email by considering whether you are expecting the message, along with inspection for suspicious links." (emphasis in original) Source: IM Webmaster email

In other words, this person they are emailing about is "Guilty of Being Accused" because someone said so.

Figure 12. Page one of email thread between the same person that tried to post on IM weeks before Source: Gmail


Once again, this person they are emailing about is "Guilty of Being Accused" because someone said so.

Figure 13. Email (August 22, 2013) between OGC and USFS employees making their own rules up on legal terms of what can be redacted. Source: Joy A Collura's FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 14. Email thread (December 12, 2014) between OGC and USFS employees direction regarding not talking about the YH Fire. Source: Joy A Collura's FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 15. Email thread (August 20-22, 2013) between OGC and USFS regarding USFS employees and ADOSH requests respectively. Source: Joy A Collura's FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 16. Email thread (August 1, 2013) between ABC News James Meeks and USFS PIO "contact" Jennifer Jones regarding AFUE and "Airtanker Study Info" referenced in USFS and OGC email threads above. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 17. Email thread ("Status of ABC News FOIA and the Yarnell Hill Fire" August 2013) between USFS Fire Director Tom Harbour, Assistant Director George Vargas (ORMS) ABC News James Meeks and USFS PIO "contact" Jennifer Jones regarding AFUE "Airtanker Study Info" referenced in USFS and OGC email threads above. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

The following description of the ORMS mentioned above in Figure 17, indicates the depths of the USFS actions to shield public records from the public. ORMS is the Office of Regulatory and Management Services. The Office of Regulatory and Management Services (ORMS) is located in the Business Operations Deputy Area. ORMS has responsibility Controlled Correspondence, Correspondence Policy, Data Quality, Directives and Regulation, Forms and Reports, Freedom of Information Act/Privacy Act, Information Collections, and Records Management. Source: official USFS ORMS website ( https://www.fs.fed.us/orms/ )

Figure 18. Email thread (August 2013) between ABC News Reporter James Meeks and various USFS employees regarding Meeks' Air Tanker Study Info and AFUE info and YH Fire info requests on those subjects. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 19. Email (August 22, 2013) between OGC Hattenbach and USFS employees regarding the BRHS and why he did not what them to be interviewed by ADOSH even though they had "a fair number of details" to be discussed on the matter. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 20. Total content redacted email from SW Coordination Center, Center Manager Kennan Jaycox and USFS Helen Graham regarding "ADOSH Yarnell Hill Fire Investigation" Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 21. Email thread from Fred Schoeffler requesting / granting permission to post his public records. Source: Collura and Schoeffler email

Figure 22. ADOSH email trying to get interviews indicating inconsistencies elsewhere in other Public Records Requests. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 23. Email threads between OGC and USFS regarding USFS employees talking about the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 24. Email threads between USFS FAM overhead regarding USFS employees talking about the YH Fire in spite of the need to so so for a "learning culture." Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Please read the yellow outlined box above due to the valuable content regarding USFS direction about quashing any USFS employee "lobbying for change" without USFS direction or Guidance. (emphasis added)

Figure 25. USFS email thread regarding the AFUE Study and relevant records. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 26. Email threads between USFS and BLM FAM overhead referring to DOJ and 9th Circuit Court records, regarding USFS employees talking about the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

According to the email in the second paragraph, "the names cannot be legally redacted." (emphasis added) So then, WHY are they redacted in this very same email ... and other emails as well?

Figure 27. Email threads between USFS FAM overhead referring to the "Toughy requests" regarding USFS employees talking about the YH Fire. (emphasis added) Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 28. Email regarding GOES satellite imagery of the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 29. Email thread between USFS and AZ State Forestry PIOs and others regarding AZ Forestry contact with IM Webmaster. NOTE the inconsistencies with some sentences being redacted and others not being redacted for the same sentence after the word "Yikes." (emphasis added) Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 30. Email thread (August 7, 2013) between USFS overhead and author Kyle Dickman regarding the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

So then, how is it that a writer is allowed to interview the BRHS and others on the YH Fire in August 2013 when other emails are giving "Guidance" and direction to NOT do this? However, the ADOSH Investigators are NOT allowed to talk with these same WFs with critical YH Fire information. What's up with that contradiction and hypocrisy?

Figure 31. Email thread between key USFS, BIA, BLM, and NPS overhead regarding discussing the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 32. Email thread (August 1-7, 2013) between USFS regarding AFUE and Airtanker Study records. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 33. Email thread between KEY USFS overhead regarding talking about the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 34. Email thread between key USFS and BLM overhead regarding talking about the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 35. Email thread (August 22-30, 2013) between key USFS overhead and ADOSH personnel regarding the BRHS and talking about the YH Fire Investigation. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 36. Email thread between key USFS overhead regarding FOIA requests and talking about the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 37. USFS PAO and FOIA Contacts for YH Fire information. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 38. Email and letter communication (September 13 and 16, 2013 and October 23, 2013 - Touhy Requests Seeking Testimony and Logs of two redacted names) from the DOI Office of the Field Solicitor and BLM NIFC employees to ADOSH Attorney Christopher O. Anderson mentioning "ADOSH'S Touhy request" to interview two BLM "who were Division Supervisors on the [YH Fire]" and these employees' personal knowledge of the GMHS actions, movements, and communications on the June 30, 2013, YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 39. Heavily redacted August 22, 2013, email thread between key USFS overhead and PIOs regarding an August 21, 2013, Phoenix New Times article titled "Yarnell Hill Fire: The [GMHS] Should've Never Been Deployed, Mounting Evidence Shows." Note the displeasure of IC Clay Templin regarding this First Amendment issue and YH Fire communications and discussing the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 40. Email threads between key USFS overhead and an extensive list of various media personnel contacts regarding YH Fire communications and discussing the YH Fire. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

I am always bewildered how many media folks were involved and yet I only saw Morgan Loew; Investigative Reporter CBS and John Dougherty; Investigative Journalist ( InvestigativeMEDIA ) try the hardest in the aftermath in attempting to gain WHY 19 men died on June 30, 2013. The rest of the media seemed like they just wanted the best sensitivity way to share and one of the main reasons I started this blog was to put the real, raw stuff out there because the truth is not always pretty and what is often published is overly embellished.

Figure 41. Email thread (at least August 8-9, 2013) between OGC employees regarding USFS employee YH Fire communications discussing the YH Fire, Touhy requests for interviews ("FS Employee Interviews in Re: [YH Fire], ECM #7805646"), FOIA requests, and more. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 42. November 4, 2013, email thread between USFS personnel regarding YH Fire and "a video related to the [YH Fire] incident" and FOIA requests for the video. Email thread (August 20, 2013) from OGC and USFS Fire Director admitting that George Vargas of ORMS the Office of Regulatory and Management Services has "custody of the disc with the video / audio for the WO. He is cced." This is a critically KEY record and admission that the AFUE records exist. (emphasis added) Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 44. Email threads (October 17, 2013 and August 6, 2013) between USFS overhead and others regarding the Redfish Group (Stephen Guerin) and the "Yarnell progressions based on the Accident Report [SAIT-SAIR]" that they will provide about the YH Fire. Email thread between USFS Fire Director and USFS Public Affairs Specialist regarding the YH Fire "AFUE study recordings ... provided to ... ABC News ..." and the chain of custody of these AFUE recordings. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 45: YouTube video clip titled "Yarnell Hill Fire Photo Location Estimates Via LiveTexture" based on the SAIT-SAIR. Source: YouTube, Redfish Group (published on October 21, 2017)

From the video: "Estimated locations of photos and videos during Yarnell Hill Fire 2013. The first image is mislabeled Air Attack. this video was an early technical test of the optimization algorithms for camera pose estimation. We are assembling a better documented collection for use in after action review." (emphasis added) According to the Redfish Group email above, this video of "Yarnell progressions is based on the [Serious Accident] Investigation Report'"(emphasis added)

Figure 46. Email thread (August 20, 2013) between key USFS overhead and OGC personnel regarding YH Fire FOIA Request(s). Email thread (August 23, 2013) regarding USFS employees engaged on the YH Fire between June 30 and July 1, 2013, and a names-redacted Resource Order. The email thread was between USFS overhead and others who worked on the YH Fire, especially regarding the Coconino NF (COF) employees highlighted in grey. NOTE: the Resource Order lists two "CRWB" and eighteen (18) "FFT2" and FFT1" WFs. The greyed section of this Resource Order is specifically for a 20-person Crew. It is almost surely the names (redacted) and positions of the BRHS, the only COF Crew that worked on the YH Fire during that time period. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 47. USFS email thread between USFS Fire Director and OGC Young regarding specific YH Fire AFUE records. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 48. Various ADOSH, USFS, and AZ State Forestry email threads (July 5, 2013 and August 6, 2013) regarding "unit logs and/or any other documentation authored and/or generated by [two names-redacted] BLM employees" while engaged on the YH Fire and YH fire AFUE recordings. NOTE: the two BLM employees redacted above are named in the August 6, 2013, BLM and AZ Forestry email as DIVS Z "Rance" [Marquez] and Air Attack "Dean" [Fernandez]. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 49. USFS email thread (August 6-7, 2013) regarding "AFUE/Airtanker info - [YH Fire]" between key USFS overhead and others regarding the YH Fire, assigned aircraft, aircraft movements, and respective records. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 50. August 20, 2013, email thread between key USFS overheard and an ADOSH Safety Compliance Supervisor regarding request for interviews with "individuals that we believed to be Forest Service aviation employees assigned to the [YH Fire] on Sunday, June 30, 2013." There are six (6) redactions claiming Exemption (b)(6) protection. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 51. October 2 and 8, 2013 email thread between key USFS overhead and a "retired forest fire staff officer from both in R-3 and R-2" FOIA requester "helping a [sic] investigative writer make better sense of especially the management of the [YH Fire]" seeking information on the June 2013 Doce and YH Fires. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

When you read Figure 51. email - if you have been following the fire, who else's name fits that spot?

Figure 52. BLM email thread (April 3, 2013) between BLM employees regarding "fuel moisture Yarnell." Fuel moisture is a fire behavior rating that determines the availability of the fuels to burn. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 53. USFS email thread (August 20, 2013) between key USFS overhead and OGC personnel regarding the YH Fire AFUE records. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

Figure 54. Email thread (October 17-18, 2013) between key USFS personnel and Redfish Group Stephen Guerin and other USFS personnel regarding their simtable and Lessons Learned and Google Earth access and applications. Source: FOIA Request (2016-FS-R3-04243-F)

The below is the thread I gave Fred's lawyers because I firmly believe that at minimum Mr. Schoeffler should have received the same stuff I did and my USDA letter showing areas I asked about shows I directly spoke about the 3 ring binder Air to Ground way before he ever placed a FOIA in and I did get information in my FOIA but he did not in his FOIA.

Figure 55. USDA letter I gave to Mr. Fred J Schoeffler's lawyers along with copy of the original cd and other information with specific documents that should help because this should be crucial that they withheld for his FOIA since I have it. Source: Joy A. Collura

I mainly have used the word "research" throughout this whole process versus the word "investigation/investigating" so I do want to make sure by using the word investigating, that it is okay, because I am just a housewife hiker (no training/certification to investigate) and the lawyer approved that area in my legal statement to use "investigate" versus "research" which was his original wording not mine. I am the eyewitness to that entire weekend and I want that added in the description some way as to why I am researching. In addition, I was with the GMHS that day and I am alive, and they are not, and they had radios and resources and we (Tex Gilligan and I) did not have any of that.

The part on dispatchers and AFUE of my FOIA Requests were spread among many entities that year. The same Public Records Request originated back to April 2015. I stated to his lawyers: "Please do your best to get this "new evidence" submitted and allowed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals for Mr. Schoeffler's lawsuit. This email thread evidence was in my USFS FOIA response, however, it was not provided to Mr. Schoeffler even though we filed for these same USFS AFUE Records about the same time-frame. This indicates to me the USFS habit of deception and is clearly not in "good faith." In addition, the USFS never responded to or provided me with any of the other Public Records I requested in the FOIA Request even though they stated they would do so. Neither Mr. Schoeffler nor myself knew each other except for being mutual InvestigativeMEDIA posters. We met in 2017 at Marcia McKee's trial in Phoenix regarding her GMHS son Grant Q. McKee wrongful death lawsuit. Since then, Mr. Schoeffler has been very instrumental with my ongoing wildland fire education, especially the basic 10 & 18 firefighting rules."

And so, this emotional and dumbed-down society sentiment along with the the fact that the YH Fire SAIT and their alleged YH Fire "Factual" Investigation report are anything but "Factual," their lies ensure that the vast majority of the public will believe everything that they hear from the Media and read from the Government "News Releases." They readily admit that have to "manage the news and what we release to the public." After all, one of "The Three Big Lies" is "Trust me, I work for the Government and I'm here to help you."

The fear of human opinion disables; but trusting in God protects you from that. Proverbs 29:25

There is massage, there is medical massage, and then there are Gifted Divine hands with medical massage. That sums up Dee for me. She has worked on me for many years and she also worked on Fire Author John MacLean after we did a hike in 2013 and she does a lot of current and retired Firefighters. She has even done FFs who were ON THE YH FIRE. Come and get yourself the most incredible massage with Dee Sickles LMT /aka Divinely Nurturing Therapeutic Medical Massage and rejuvenate your soul.

UPDATED: 10-27-18 11:15am: I added Figure 55. Material I provided to Fred's lawyers. April 3, 2020: Corrected grammatical and spelling errors; standardized figure captions



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